A vehicle may be executed upon to satisfy a judgment. There is a $2400 exemption in Illinois, which means that the judgment creditor would have to pay you the first $2400. It is therefore unlikely that an ordinary vehicle would be seized.
A creditor cannot take any of your property if the property is not collateral for the debt, unless they get a judgment against you. To obtain a judgment, the creditor has to file a lawsuit against you and serve it on you. After the deadline for you to respond passes, the creditor can get a judgment. Then, in order to take your car, the creditor has to go through an extensive process to get a "writ of execution" that directs the Sheriff to take your car. But, this rarely ever happens.
They would have to file a lawsuit and obtain a judgment. Once they have the judgment they can then seize most assets you have, including the vehicle, to satisfy the judgment.
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