New York law does not allow parties to contract a common-law marriage. However, if you validly contracted a common-law marriage elsewhere, either before or during your New York residency, you may have a valid common-law marriage. You do not provide enough facts from which it can be determined whether you contracted a common-law marriage elsewhere. The facts that you were born in another state, or had multiple children with your deceased partner, or were named as a beneficiary under a life insurance or pension, are all insufficient to constitute a "marriage." For you to have been "married" under the laws of a state other than New York, you must, most importantly, have held yourselves out as being married. Those facts are not evident from your inquiry.
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