For the limited visa categories by which a Lawful Permanent Resident may sponsor certain family members, such an application can be filed immediately upon the petitioner getting a "Green Card." Note that in many visa categories there can be a significant backlog for visas, so that even if a Form I-130 immediately can be filed, it may take quite a while for a family member to become eligible to "consular process" and go to the U.S.
With a green card, you can file petitions for your husband or wife, children under 21, and unmarried adult children over 21, but not for your parents or brothers and sisters. The right to file these petitions comes with the status of permanent resident, without delay.
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