How long after getting married will I be able to fix my husband's papers?

You can file for your husband the next day. It takes about 6 months to be called for an interview after the filing. However, the success is determined by many factors. Call an attorney.

More information is needed in order to properly analyze eligibilities and answer your questions. Generally, however, a U.S. Citizen who is married to a foreign national who entered the U.S. lawfully and with inspection, may commence the Adjustment of Status application process for her husband immediately after becoming married. There is no "waiting period" and this process may be pursued even if the husband has overstayed or otherwise violated a previous visa. If the husband is in valid nonimmigrant status on the date the case is filed, he also may apply for Advance Parole (sometimes called a "travel document"), and the USCIS may be expected to issue the Advance Parole within 90 days of filing. It would be wise for you and your husband to consult with an immigration attorney who, after learning all of the relevant information about both of you would be able to advise about eligibilities, options and strategies, and to offer legal representation in the application process - which often is significantly more complex than it might appear just from reading the immigration-related forms and their instructions.