Your exclusive remedy for an on the job injury is for Longshore comp benefits. You do not have to prove negligence; only that you were hurt on the job.
You have a workers' compensation claim so you can not sue your direct employer, but if you were working for a sub-contractor you could sue but I do not think you have much of a case. You need to see an attorney who handles oil rig accidents.
Yes you should definitely look into filing a workers' compensation claim. There are certain deadlines involved, so I would suggest you contact a WC attorney ASAP.
Worker's comp covers medical expenses and time out of work. You cannot sue your employer for negligence and damages for "pain and suffering" is not available. The trade-off is that you don't have to prove that your employer was negligent in order to pursue a comp claim; but even if you can prove that the employer was negligent, all you can pursue is a comp claim.
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