Here's the California jury instruction for Defamation: 1702. Defamation per se? Essential Factual Elements (Private Figure?Matter of Public Concern) [Name of plaintiff] claims that [name of defendant] harmed [him/her] by making [one or more of] the following statement(s): [list all claimed per se defamatory statement(s)]. To establish this claim, [name of plaintiff] must prove all of the following: Liability 1. That [name of defendant] made [one or more of] the statement(s) to [a person/persons] other than [name of plaintiff]; 2. That [this person/these people] reasonably understood that the statement(s) [was/were] about [name of plaintiff]; [3. That [this person/these people] reasonably understood the statement(s) to mean that [insert ground(s) for defamation per se, e.g., ?[name of plaintiff] had committed a crime?];] 4. That the statement(s) [was/were] false; and 5. That [name of defendant] failed to use reasonable care to determine the truth or falsity of the statement(s). Actual Damages If [name of plaintiff] has proved all of the above, then [he/she] is entitled to recover [his/her] actual damages if [he/she] proves that [name of defendant]?s wrongful conduct was a substantial factor in causing any of the following: a. Harm to [name of plaintiff]?s property, business, trade, profession, or occupation; b. Expenses [name of plaintiff] had to pay as a result of the defamatory statements; c. Harm to [name of plaintiff]?s reputation; or d. Shame, mortification, or hurt feelings. Assumed Damages If [name of plaintiff] has not proved any actual damages for harm to reputation or shame, mortification, or hurt feelings but proves by clear and convincing evidence that [name of defendant] knew the statement(s) [was/were] false or that [he/she] had serious doubts about the truth of the statement(s), then the law assumes that [name of plaintiff]?s reputation has been harmed and that [he/she] has suffered shame, mortification, or hurt feelings. Without presenting evidence of damage, [name of plaintiff] is entitled to receive compensation for this assumed harm in whatever sum you believe is reasonable. You must award at least a nominal sum, such as one dollar. Punitive Damages [Name of plaintiff] may also recover damages to punish [name of defendant] if [he/she] proves by clear and convincing evidence that [name of defendant] either knew the statement(s) [was/were] false or had serious doubts about the truth of the statement(s), and that [he/she] acted with malice, oppression, or fraud. 1704. Defamation per se?Essential Factual Elements (Private Figure?Matter of Private Concern) [Name of plaintiff] claims that [name of defendant] harmed [him/her] by making [one or more of] the following statement(s): [list all claimed per se defamatory statement(s)]. To establish this claim, [name of plaintiff] must prove all of the following: Liability 1. That [name of defendant] made [one or more of] the statement(s) to [a person/persons] other than [name of plaintiff]; 2. That [this person/these people] reasonably understood that the statement(s) [was/were] about [name of plaintiff]; 3. [That [this person/these people] reasonably understood the statement(s) to mean that [insert ground(s) for defamation per se, e.g., ?[name of plaintiff] had committed a crime?]]; 4. That [name of defendant] failed to use reasonable care to determine the truth or falsity of the statement(s). Actual Damages [If [name of plaintiff] has proved all of the above, then [he/she] is entitled to recover [his/her] actual damages if [he/she] proves that [name of defendant]?s wrongful conduct was a substantial factor in causing any of the following: a. Harm to [name of plaintiff]?s property, business, trade, profession, or occupation; b. Expenses [name of plaintiff] had to pay as a result of the defamatory statements; c. Harm to [name of plaintiff]?s reputation; or d. Shame, mortification, or hurt feelings. Assumed Damages Even if [name of plaintiff] has not proved any actual da
Answered on Dec 12th, 2013 at 4:30 AM